Телне нормальләштерү: юрамалар арасында аерма

Контент бетерелгән Контент өстәлгән
к →‎Заманалаштыру/Модернизация: тәрҗемә ителгән текстны күрсәтү
к →‎Стандартлаштыру: тәрҗемә ителгән текстны күрсәтү
Юл номеры - 73:
 
====Стандартлаштыру====
<!--StandardizationТелнең isбер theварианты processтелнең byбашка whichиҗтимагый oneяки varietyрегиональ ofдиалектларыннан aөстенлек languageалуга takes''телнең precedence over other social and regional [[dialect]]s of aстандартлаштылыруы'' languageдиелә.<ref name=Christian>Christian, Donna (1988). “Language Planning: the view from linguistics”, in Frederick J. Newmeyer, ''Language: the socio-cultural context'', Cambridge University Press, pp 193-211.</ref> ThisБу varietyвариант comesсупра-диалекталь, toяки beтелнең understood‘иң asяхшы’ supra-dialectalформасы andбуларак theкабул ‘best’ form of theителә languageбашлый.<ref name=FergusonC /> TheКай choiceтел ofөстенлек whichалуы languageзур takesиҗтимагый precedenceнәтиҗәләргә has important societal consequencesия, asчөрки itсөйләм confersһәм privilegeязу uponдиалеклары speakersсайланган whoseстандартка spokenиң andякын writtenбулган dialectкешеләр conformsпривилегияле closestхәлгә to the chosen standardэләгә.<ref name=Wiley>Wiley, Terrance G. (2003). “Language Planning and Policy,” in Sandra McKay, Nancy H. Horberger, ''Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching'', Cambridge University Press, pp 103-147.</ref> <!--The standard that is chosen as the norm is generally spoken by the most powerful social group within the society, and is imposed upon the less powerful groups as the form to emulate. This often reinforces the dominance of the powerful social group and makes the standard norm necessary for socioeconomic mobility.<ref name=FergusonG /> In practice, standardization generally entails increasing the uniformity of the norm, as well as the [[Codification (linguistics)|codification]] of the norm.<ref name=FergusonC />
 
The history of English provides an example of standardization occurring over an extended time period, without formally recognized language planning. The standardization process began when [[William Caxton]] introduced the [[printing press]] in [[England]] in 1476. This was accompanied by the adoption of the south-east [[English Midlands|Midlands]] variety of English, spoken in [[London]], as the print language. Because of the dialect’s use for administrative and literary purposes, this variety became entrenched as the prestigious variety of English. After the creation of [[grammar]]s and [[dictionaries]] in the 18th century, the rise of print [[capitalist mode of production|capitalism]], [[industrialization]], [[urbanization]], and [[mass education]] led to the dissemination of this dialect as the standard norm for the English language.-->