|
Күрсәткеч [[социология]], [[икътисад]], [[сәламәтлек]], [[экология]], [[химия]], [[проектирование]] һәм [[авыл хуҗалыгы]] кебек төрле өлкәләрендәге тигезсезлекләр белән бәйле фәнни эзләнүләрдә кулланыла.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sadras |first=V. O. |last2=Bongiovanni |first2=R. |year=2004 |title=Use of Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients to assess yield inequality within paddocks |journal=Field Crops Research |volume=90 |issue=2–3 |pages=303–310 |doi=10.1016/j.fcr.2004.04.003 }}</ref> Халыкара дәрәҗәдә керем яки муллык тигезсезлеген билгеләү өчен кабул ителгән күрсәткеч дип исәпләнелә.<ref>Gini, C. (1936) On the Measure of Concentration with Special Reference to Income and Statistics, Colorado College Publication, General Series No. 208, 73-79.</ref> Дөнья буенча, керем өчен Джини коэффициентлары күрсәткечләре якынча 0,23 (Швеция) белән 0,70 (Намибия) киңлегендә таралган, ләкин бар илләре өчен исәпләнмәгән.
== Билгеләмәсе ==
<!--[[File:Economics Gini coefficient2.svg|thumb|right|280px|Graphical representation of the Gini coefficient<br /><br />The graph shows that the Gini coefficient is equal to the area marked ''A'' divided by the sum of the areas marked ''A'' and ''B''. that is, {{nobreak|Gini {{=}} ''A'' / (''A'' + ''B'')}}. It is also equal to {{nobreak| 2 * ''A''}}, as {{nobreak|''A'' + ''B'' {{=}} 0.5}} (since the axes scale from 0 to 1).]]
The Gini coefficient is usually defined [[mathematics|mathematically]] based on the [[Lorenz curve]], which plots the proportion of the total income of the population (y axis) that is cumulatively earned by the bottom x% of the population (see diagram). The line at 45 degrees thus represents perfect equality of incomes. The Gini coefficient can then be thought of as the [[ratio]] of the [[area]] that lies between the line of equality and the [[Lorenz curve]] (marked ''A'' in the diagram) over the total area under the line of equality (marked ''A'' and ''B'' in the diagram); i.e., {{nobreak|G {{=}} ''A'' / (''A'' + ''B'')}}.
The Gini coefficient can theoretically range from 0 to 1; it is sometimes expressed as a percentage ranging between 0 and 100. In a finite population both extreme values are not quite reached.
A low Gini coefficient indicates a more equal distribution, with 0 corresponding to complete equality, while higher Gini coefficients indicate more unequal distribution, with 1 corresponding to complete inequality. To be validly computed, no negative goods can be distributed. Thus, if the Gini coefficient is being used to describe [[household income]] inequality, then no [[household]] can have a negative income. When used as a measure of income inequality, the most unequal society will be one in which a single person receives 100% of the total income and the remaining people receive none ({{nobreak|''G'' {{=}} 1}}); and the most equal society will be one in which every person receives the same income ({{nobreak|''G'' {{=}} 0}}).
An alternative approach would be to consider the Gini coefficient as half of the [[Mean difference|relative mean difference]], which is a mathematical equivalence. The mean difference is the average [[absolute difference]] between two items selected randomly from a population, and the relative mean difference is the mean difference divided by the average, to normalize for scale.
-->
== Исәпләнүе ==
<!--The Gini index is defined as a ratio of the areas on the [[Lorenz curve]] diagram. If the area between the line of perfect equality and the Lorenz curve is ''A'', and the area under the Lorenz curve is ''B'', then the Gini index is {{nowrap|''A'' / (''A'' + ''B'')}}. Since {{nowrap|''A'' + ''B'' {{=}} 0.5}}, the Gini index, {{nowrap|''G'' {{=}} 2 ''A'' {{=}} 1 - 2 ''B''}}. If the Lorenz curve is represented by the function {{nowrap|''Y'' {{=}} ''L'' (''X'')}}, the value of ''B'' can be found with [[integral|integration]] and:
:<math>G = 1 - 2\,\int_0^1 L(X) dX. </math>
In some cases, this equation can be applied to calculate the Gini coefficient without direct reference to the Lorenz curve. For example:
* For a population uniform on the values ''y''<sub>''i''</sub>, ''i'' = 1 to ''n'', indexed in non-decreasing order (''y''<sub>''i''</sub> ≤ ''y''<sub>''i''+1</sub>):
:<math>G = \frac{1}{n}\left ( n+1 - 2 \left ( \frac{\Sigma_{i=1}^n \; (n+1-i)y_i}{\Sigma_{i=1}^n y_i} \right ) \right ) </math>
:This may be simplified to:
:<math>G = \frac{2 \Sigma_{i=1}^n \; i y_i}{n \Sigma_{i=1}^n y_i} -\frac{n+1}{n}</math>
* For a [[Discrete probability distribution|discrete probability function]] ''f''(''y''), where ''y''<sub>''i''</sub>, ''i'' = 1 to ''n'', are the points with nonzero probabilities and which are indexed in increasing order (''y''<sub>''i''</sub> < ''y''<sub>''i''+1</sub>):
:<math>G = 1 - \frac{\Sigma_{i=1}^n \; f(y_i)(S_{i-1}+S_i)}{S_n}</math>
:where
:<math>S_i = \Sigma_{j=1}^i \; f(y_j)\,y_j\,</math> and <math>S_0 = 0\,</math>
* For a cumulative distribution function ''F''(''y'') that is [[piecewise]] [[differentiable]], has a [[mean]] μ, and is zero for all negative values of ''y'':
:<math>G = 1 - \frac{1}{\mu}\int_0^\infty (1-F(y))^2dy = \frac{1}{\mu}\int_0^\infty F(y)(1-F(y))dy</math>
* Since the Gini coefficient is half the relative mean difference, it can also be calculated using formulas for the relative mean difference. For a random sample ''S'' consisting of values ''y''<sub>''i''</sub>, ''i'' = 1 to ''n'', that are indexed in non-decreasing order (''y''<sub>''i''</sub> ≤ ''y''<sub>''i''+1</sub>), the statistic:
:<math>G(S) = \frac{1}{n-1}\left (n+1 - 2 \left ( \frac{\Sigma_{i=1}^n \; (n+1-i)y_i}{\Sigma_{i=1}^n y_i}\right ) \right )</math>
:is a [[consistent estimator]] of the population Gini coefficient, but is not, in general, [[estimator#Point estimators|unbiased]]. Like ''G'', {{nobreak|''G'' (''S'')}} has a simpler form:
:<math>G(S) = 1 - \frac{2}{n-1}\left ( n - \frac{\Sigma_{i=1}^n \; iy_i}{\Sigma_{i=1}^n y_i}\right ) </math>.
There does not exist a sample statistic that is in general an unbiased estimator of the population Gini coefficient, like the [[relative mean difference]].
For some functional forms, the Gini index can be calculated explicitly. For example, if ''y'' follows a [[lognormal distribution]] with the standard deviation of logs equal to <math>\sigma</math>, then <math>G = 2 \Phi(\sigma/\sqrt{2})-1</math> where <math>\Phi()</math> is the [[cumulative distribution function]] of the standard [[normal distribution]].
Sometimes the entire Lorenz curve is not known, and only values at certain intervals are given. In that case, the Gini coefficient can be approximated by using various techniques for [[interpolation|interpolating]] the missing values of the Lorenz curve. If (''X''<sub>''k''</sub>, ''Y''<sub>''k''</sub>) are the known points on the Lorenz curve, with the ''X''<sub>''k''</sub> indexed in increasing order (''X''<sub>''k'' - 1</sub> < ''X''<sub>''k''</sub>), so that:
* ''X''<sub>''k''</sub> is the cumulated proportion of the population variable, for ''k'' = 0,...,''n'', with ''X''<sub>0</sub> = 0, ''X''<sub>''n''</sub> = 1.
* ''Y''<sub>''k''</sub> is the cumulated proportion of the income variable, for ''k'' = 0,...,''n'', with ''Y''<sub>0</sub> = 0, ''Y''<sub>''n''</sub> = 1.
* ''Y''<sub>''k''</sub> should be indexed in non-decreasing order (''Y''<sub>''k''</sub> > ''Y''<sub>''k'' - 1</sub>)
If the Lorenz curve is approximated on each interval as a line between consecutive points, then the area B can be approximated with [[Trapezoidal rule|trapezoids]] and:
:<math>G_1 = 1 - \sum_{k=1}^{n} (X_{k} - X_{k-1}) (Y_{k} + Y_{k-1})</math>
is the resulting approximation for G. More accurate results can be obtained using other methods to [[Numerical integration|approximate the area]] B, such as approximating the Lorenz curve with a [[Simpson's rule|quadratic function]] across pairs of intervals, or building an appropriately smooth approximation to the underlying distribution function that matches the known data. If the population mean and boundary values for each interval are also known, these can also often be used to improve the accuracy of the approximation.
The Gini coefficient calculated from a sample is a statistic and its standard error, or confidence intervals for the population Gini coefficient, should be reported. These can be calculated using bootstrap techniques but those proposed have been mathematically complicated and computationally onerous even in an era of fast computers. Ogwang (2000) made the process more efficient by setting up a “trick regression model” in which the incomes in the sample are ranked with the lowest income being allocated rank 1. The model then expresses the rank (dependent variable) as the sum of a constant ''A'' and a [[normal distribution|normal]] error term whose variance is inversely proportional to ''y''<sub>''k''</sub>;
:<math>k = A + \ N(0, s^{2}/y_k) </math>
Ogwang showed that ''G'' can be expressed as a function of the weighted least squares estimate of the constant ''A'' and that this can be used to speed up the calculation of the jackknife estimate for the standard error. Giles (2004) argued that the standard error of the estimate of ''A'' can be used to derive that of the estimate of ''G'' directly without using a jackknife at all. This method only requires the use of ordinary least squares regression after ordering the sample data. The results compare favorably with the estimates from the jackknife with agreement improving with increasing sample size. The paper describing this method can be found here: http://web.uvic.ca/econ/ewp0202.pdf
However it has since been argued that this is dependent on the model’s assumptions about the error distributions (Ogwang 2004) and the independence of error terms (Reza & Gastwirth 2006) and that these assumptions are often not valid for real data sets. It may therefore be better to stick with jackknife methods such as those proposed by Yitzhaki (1991) and Karagiannis and Kovacevic (2000). The debate continues.
The Gini coefficient can be calculated if you know the mean of a distribution, the number of people (or percentiles), and the income of each person (or percentile). [[Princeton University|Princeton]] [[development economics|development economist]] [[Angus Deaton]] (1997, 139) simplified the Gini calculation to one easy formula:
:<math>G = \frac{N+1}{N-1}-\frac{2}{N(N-1)u}(\Sigma_{i=1}^n \; P_iX_i)</math>
where u is mean income of the population, P<sub>i</sub> is the income rank P of person i, with income X, such that the richest person receives a rank of 1 and the poorest a rank of N. This effectively gives higher weight to poorer people in the income distribution, which allows the Gini to meet the Transfer Principle. Note that the Deaton formulation rescales the coefficient so that its upper bound is always 1.
-->
== Репрезентатив керем бүленешләрнең Джини күрсәткечләре ==
<!--
Given the normalization of both the cumulative population and the cumulative share of income used to calculate the GINI coefficient, the measure is not overly sensitive to the specifics of the income distribution, but rather only on how incomes vary relative to the other members of a population. The exception to this is in the redistribution of wealth resulting in a minimum income for all people. When the population is sorted, if their income distribution were to approximate a well known function, than some representative values could be calculated. Some representative values of the Gini coefficient for income distributions approximated by some simple functions are tabulated below.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto"
|-
! Income Distribution Function !! Gini Coefficient
|-
| ''y'' = 1 for all x || 0.0
|-
| ''y'' = log(''x'') || 0.130
|-
| ''y'' = ''x''<sup>⅓</sup> || 0.138
|-
| ''y'' = ''x''<sup>½</sup> || 0.194
|-
| ''y'' = ''x'' + ''b'' (''b'' = 10% of max income) || 0.273
|-
| ''y'' = ''x'' + ''b'' (''b'' = 5% of max income) || 0.297
|-
| ''y'' = ''x'' || 0.327
|-
| ''y'' = ''x''<sup>2</sup> || 0.493
|-
| ''y'' = ''x''<sup>3</sup> || 0.592
|-
| ''y'' = 2<sup>''x''</sup> || 0.960
|}
While the income distribution of any particular country need not follow such simple functions, these functions give a qualitative understanding of the income distribution in a nation given the Gini coefficient. The effects of minimum income policy due to redistribution can be seen in the linear relationships above.
-->
== Гомумилаштырылган тигезсезлек индексы ==
<!--{{See also|Generalized entropy index}}
The Gini coefficient and other standard inequality indices reduce to a common form. Perfect equality—the absence of inequality—exists when and only when the inequality ratio, <math>r_j = x_j / \overline{x}</math>, equals 1 for all j units in some population; for example, there is perfect income equality when everyone’s income <math>x_j</math> equals the mean income <math>\overline{x}</math>, so that <math>r_j=1</math> for everyone). Measures of inequality, then, are measures of the average deviations of the <math>r_j=1</math> from 1; the greater the average deviation, the greater the inequality. Based on these observations the inequality indices have this common form:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Firebaugh |first=Glenn |year=1999 |title=Empirics of World Income Inequality |journal=American Journal of Sociology |volume=104 |issue=6 |pages=1597–1630 |doi=10.1086/210218 }}. See also {{Cite book |chapter=Inequality: What it is and how it is measured |first=Glenn |last=Firebaugh |authormask=3 |title=The New Geography of Global Income Inequality |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01067-1}}</ref>
:<math>\mathrm{Inequality} = \Sigma_j \, p_j \, f(r_j)\, , </math>
where ''p''<sub>''j''</sub> weights the units by their population share, and ''f''(''r''<sub>''j''</sub>) is a function of the deviation of each unit’s ''r''<sub>''j''</sub> from 1, the point of equality. The insight of this generalised inequality index is that inequality indices differ because they employ different functions of the distance of the inequality ratios (the ''r''<sub>''j''</sub>) from 1.''
-->
== Керем бүленешләренең Джини коэффициенты ==
{{see also|Илләрнең керем тигезсезлеге буенча исемлеге}}
|postscript=}}</ref><ref>[http://hdr.undp.org/docs/statistics/understanding/resources/HDR_2003_2_2_global_income_inequality.pdf United Nations Development Programme]{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref> The graph shows the values expressed as a percentage, in their historical development for a number of countries.
{{out of date|section|date=April 2012}}
[[Файл:Gini since WWII.svg|thumb|center|720px|alt=Төрле илләрнең Джини индексы үзгәрешләре динамикасы үрнәкләре. <!--Some countries have change little over time, such as Belgium, Canada, Germany, Japan, and Sweden. Brazil has oscillated around a steady value. France, Italy, Mexico, and Norway have shown marked declines. China and the US have increased steadily. Australia grew to moderate levels before dropping. India sank before rising again. The UK and Poland stayed at very low levels before rising. Bulgaria had an increase of fits-and-starts. .svg alt text-->]]
=== АБ Джини индексы ===
<!-- THIS IS NOT A WEIGHTED AVERAGE, ITS FROM AN EU AGENCY -->
<!--In 2005 the Gini index for the EU was estimated at 31.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/areas/qualityoflife/eurlife/index.php?template=3&radioindic=158&idDomain=3 |title=Monitoring quality of life in Europe - Gini index |work=Eurofound |date=26 August 2009 |postscript=}}</ref>
{{-}}
-->
=== Төрле еллардагы АКШның Джини индекслары ===
АКШ җанисәп бюросы бастырган төрле периодлары өчен саналган Джини индекслары:<ref>
* 2009: 46.8
== Өстенлекләре һәм зәгыйфлекләре ==
{{Pro and con list|section|date=February 2011}}
{{Section OR|date=December 2010}}
=== Джини коэффиэнциентының тигезсезлек күрсәткече буларак куллану өстенлекләре ===
<!--The Gini coefficient's main advantage is that it is a measure of inequality by means of a [[ratio analysis]]. This makes it easily interpretable, and avoids references to a statistical average or position unrepresentative of most of the population, such as [[per capita income]] or [[gross domestic product]]. The simplicity of Gini makes it easy to use for comparison across diverse countries and also allows comparison of income distributions across different groups as well as countries; for example the Gini coefficient for urban areas differs from that of rural areas in many countries (though not in the United States). Like any time-based measure, Gini coefficients can be used to compare income distribution over time, thus it is possible to see if inequality is increasing or decreasing independent of absolute incomes. The Gini coefficient satisfies four principles suggested to be important:<ref name="Development Economics, Debraj Ray">{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Debraj |title=Development Economics |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1998 |page=188 |isbn=0-691-01706-9}}</ref>
* ''Anonymity'': it does not matter who the high and low earners are.
* ''Scale independence'': the Gini coefficient does not consider the size of the economy, the way it is measured, or whether it is a rich or poor country on average.
* ''Population independence'': it does not matter how large the population of the country is.
* ''Transfer principle'': if income (less than the difference), is transferred from a rich person to a poor person the resulting distribution is more equal.
-->
=== Джини коэффициентын тигезсезлек күрсәткече буларак куллану зәгыйфлекләре ===
<!--The limitations of Gini largely lie in its relative nature: It loses information about absolute national and personal incomes. Countries may have identical Gini coefficients, but differ greatly in wealth. Basic necessities may be equal (available to all) in a rich country, while in the poor country, even basic necessities are unequally available.
By measuring inequality in income, the Gini ignores the differential efficiency of use of household income. By ignoring wealth (except as it contributes to income) the Gini can create the appearance of inequality when the people compared are at different stages in their life. Wealthy countries (e.g. [[Sweden]]) can appear more equal, yet have high Gini coefficients for wealth (for instance 77% of the share value owned by households is held by just 5% of Swedish shareholding households).<ref>(Data from the [http://www.scb.se/templates/Publikation____193443.asp Statistics Sweden])</ref>{{Dead link|date=December 2010}} These factors are not assessed in income-based Gini.
Gini has some mathematical limitations as well. For instance, different sets of people cannot be averaged to obtain the Gini coefficient of all the people in the sets: if a Gini coefficient were to be calculated for each person it would always be zero. For a large, economically diverse country, a much higher coefficient will be calculated for the country as a whole than will be calculated for each of its regions. (The coefficient is usually applied to measurable [[Real versus nominal value (economics)|nominal]] income rather than local [[purchasing power]], tending to increase the calculated coefficient across larger areas.)
As is the case for any single measure of a distribution, economies with similar incomes and Gini coefficients can still have very different income distributions. This results from differing shapes of the Lorenz curve. For example, consider a society where half of individuals had no income and the other half shared all the income equally (i.e. whose Lorenz curve is linear from (0,0) to (0.5,0) and then linear to (1,1)). As is easily calculated, this society has Gini coefficient 0.5 -- the same as that of a society in which 75% of people equally shared 25% of income while the remaining 25% equally shared 75% (i.e. whose Lorenz curve is linear from (0,0) to (0.75,0.25) and then linear to (1,1)).
Too often only the Gini coefficient is quoted without describing the proportions of the quantiles used for measurement. As with other inequality coefficients, the Gini coefficient is influenced by the granularity of the measurements. For example, five 20% quantiles (low granularity) will usually yield a lower Gini coefficient than twenty 5% quantiles (high granularity) taken from the same distribution. This is an often encountered problem with measurements.
Care should be taken in using the Gini coefficient as a measure of [[egalitarianism]], as it is properly a measure of income dispersion. For example, if two equally egalitarian countries pursue different immigration policies, the country accepting a higher proportion of low-income or impoverished migrants will be assessed as less equal (gain a higher Gini coefficient).
Expanding on the importance of life-span measures, the Gini coefficient as a point-estimate of equality at a certain time, ignores life-span changes in income. Typically, increases in the proportion of young or old members of a society will drive apparent changes in equality, simply because people generally have lower incomes and wealth when they are young than when they are old. Because of this, factors such as age distribution within a population and mobility within income classes can create the appearance of differential equality when none exist taking into account demographic effects. Thus a given economy may have a higher Gini coefficient at any one point in time compared to another, while the Gini coefficient calculated over individuals' lifetime income is actually lower than the apparently more equal (at a given point in time) economy's.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=N. |last=Blomquist |year=1981 |title=A comparison of distributions of annual and lifetime income: Sweden around 1970 |journal=Review of Income and Wealth |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4991.1981.tb00227.x}}</ref> Essentially, what matters is not just inequality in any particular year, but the composition of the distribution over time.
-->
==== Гомуми үлчәү проблемалары ====
<!--* Comparing income distributions among countries may be difficult because benefits systems may differ. For example, some countries give benefits in the form of money while others give [[food stamps]], which might not be counted by some economists and researchers as income in the Lorenz curve and therefore not taken into account in the Gini coefficient. The Soviet Union was measured to have relatively high income inequality: by some estimates, in the late 1970s, Gini coefficient of its urban population was as high as 0.38,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Politics, work, and daily life in the USSR |first=James R. |last=Millar |year=1987 |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=193 |isbn=0-521-34890-0}}</ref> which is higher than many Western countries today. This number would not reflect those benefits received by Soviet citizens that were not monetized for measurement, which may include child care for children as young as two months, elementary, secondary and higher education, cradle-to-grave medical care, and heavily subsidized or provided housing. In this example, a more accurate comparison between the 1970s Soviet Union and Western countries may require one to assign monetary values to all benefits – a difficult task in the absence of free markets. Similar problems arise whenever a comparison between more liberalized economies and partially socialist economies is attempted. Benefits may take various and unexpected forms: for example, major oil producers such as Venezuela and Iran provide indirect benefits to its citizens by subsidizing the retail price of gasoline.
* Similarly, in some societies people may have significant income in other forms than money, for example through [[subsistence farming]] or [[barter]]ing. Like non-monetary benefits, the value of these incomes is difficult to quantify. Different quantifications of these incomes will yield different Gini coefficients.
* The measure will give different results when applied to individuals instead of households. When different populations are not measured with consistent definitions, comparison is not meaningful.
* As for all statistics, there may be systematic and random errors in the data. The meaning of the Gini coefficient decreases as the data become less accurate. Also, countries may collect data differently, making it difficult to compare statistics between countries.
As one result of this criticism, in addition to or in competition with the Gini coefficient ''entropy measures'' are frequently used (e.g. the [[Theil Index]] and the [[Atkinson index]]). These measures attempt to compare the distribution of resources by intelligent agents in the market with a maximum [[information entropy|entropy]] [[random distribution]], which would occur if these agents acted like non-intelligent particles in a closed system following the laws of statistical physics.
-->
==== Кредит рискы ====
<!--The Gini coefficient is also commonly used for the measurement of the discriminatory power of [[credit rating|rating]] systems in [[credit risk]] management.
The discriminatory power refers to a credit risk model's ability to differentiate between defaulting and non-defaulting clients. The above formula <math>G_1</math> may be used for the final model and also at individual model factor level, to quantify the discriminatory power of individual factors. This is as a result of too many non defaulting clients falling into the lower points scale e.g. factor has a 10 point scale and 30% of non defaulting clients are being assigned the lowest points available e.g. 0 or negative points. This indicates that the factor is behaving in a counter-intuitive manner and would require further investigation at the model development stage.<ref>''The Analytics of risk model validation'' {{specify |date=April 2010}}</ref>
-->
== Башка статистика индекслары белән мөнәсәбәте ==
<!--Gini coefficient closely related to the [[Receiver operating characteristic#Area under curve|AUC]] ([[Integral|Area Under]] [[receiver operating characteristic]] Curve) measure of performance<ref name=hand>{{cite journal
| last = Hand
| first = David J.
| coauthors = RobersT J. Till
| title = A Simple Generalisation of the Area Under the ROC Curve for Multiple Class Classification Problems
| journal = Machine Learning
| year = 2001
| volume = 45
| issue = 2
| pmid =
| pages = 171–186
| doi = 10.1023/A:1010920819831
| url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/nn141j42838n7u21/
}}</ref>. The relation follows the formula <math>AUC = (G+1)/2</math>. Gini coefficient is also closely related to [[Mann–Whitney U]].
-->
== Башка кулланышлары ==
<!--Although the Gini coefficient is most popular in economics, it can in theory be applied in any field of science that studies a distribution. For example, in ecology the Gini coefficient has been used as a measure of [[biodiversity]], where the cumulative proportion of species is plotted against cumulative proportion of individuals.<ref name=natureArticle>{{cite journal
| last = Wittebolle
| first = Lieven
| coauthors = ''et al.''
| title = Initial community evenness favours functionality under selective stress
| journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
| year = 2009
| volume = 458
| issue = 7238
| pmid = 19270679
| pages = 623–626
| doi = 10.1038/nature07840
}}</ref> In health, it has been used as a measure of the inequality of health related [[quality of life]] in a population.<ref name=popHealthArticle>{{cite journal
| last=Asada
| first=Yukiko
| title = Assessment of the health of Americans: the average health-related quality of life and its inequality across individuals and groups
| journal = Population Health Metrics
| year = 2005
| volume = 3
| pmid=16014174
| page = 7
| pmc=1192818
| doi = 10.1186/1478-7954-3-7
}}</ref> In education, it has been used as a measure of the inequality of universities.<ref name=MinervaArticle>{{cite journal
| last= Halffman
| first= Willem
| last2= Leydesdorff
| first2= L
| title = Is Inequality Among Universities Increasing? Gini Coefficients and the Elusive Rise of Elite Universities
| journal = Minerva
| year = 2010
| volume = 48
| pmid= 20401157
| issue= 1
| pages = 55–72
| pmc= 2850525
| doi = 10.1007/s11024-010-9141-3
}}</ref> In chemistry it has been used to express the selectivity of [[protein kinase inhibitors]] against a panel of kinases.<ref name=JMedChemArticle>{{cite journal
| last = Graczyk
| first = Piotr
| title = Gini Coefficient: A New Way To Express Selectivity of Kinase Inhibitors against a Family of Kinases
| journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
| year = 2007
| volume = 50
| issue = 23
| pmid = 17948979
| pages = 5773–5779
| doi = 10.1021/jm070562u
}}</ref> In engineering, it has been used to evaluate the fairness achieved by Internet routers in scheduling packet transmissions from different flows of traffic.<ref name=GreedyFairQueueing>{{Cite book
|first1=Hongyuan
|last1=Shi
|first2=Harish
|last2=Sethu
|contribution=Greedy Fair Queueing: A Goal-Oriented Strategy for Fair Real-Time Packet Scheduling
|pages=345–356
|title=Proceedings of the 24th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium
|publisher=[[IEEE Computer Society]]
|isbn=0-7695-2044-8
|year=2003}}</ref> In statistics, building decision trees, it is used to measure the purity of possible child nodes, with the aim of maximising the average purity of two child nodes when splitting, and it has been compared with other equality measures.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gonzalez |first=Luis |coauthors = ''et al.'' |title=The Similarity between the Square of the Coeficient of Variation and the Gini Index of a General Random Variable |year=2010 |journal=Journal of Quantitative Methods for Economics and Business Administration |volume=10 |pages=5–18 |issn=1886-516X |url=http://www.upo.es/RevMetCuant/art.php?id=40}}</ref>
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== Шулай ук карагыз ==
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