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[[Очкыч]], [[боралак]] һәм [[дирижабль]]ләр кебек һавада очучы машиналар кузгалган һәм туктаган урынына '''һава лиманы''' (рус. алынмасы ''аэропорт'') диләр. Бу машиналарны һава лиманында саклау, яки аларга кирәкле хезмәт күрсәтү сервисларны оештыру мөмкин. Һава лиманында ким дигәндә очкычның кузгалып очып китүе һәм җиргә төшеп утыруы өчен кулланылган махсус бер юл, боралак кабул итү пункты, яки очып китү һәм утыру өчен су өслеге, һәм еш [[очышларны идарә итү манарасы]], [[ангар]] һәм [[һава лиманы терминалы]] [[бина]]лары була.
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Larger airports may have [[fixed base operator|fixed base operator services]], [[seaplane]] docks and [[airport ramp|ramps]], [[air traffic control]], passenger facilities such as restaurants and [[Airport lounge|lounges]], and [[emergency service]]s. A [[military]] airport is known as an [[Military airbase|airbase]] or [[Naval air station|air station]].
== Моны да карагыз ==
A '''water airport''' is a water aerodrome (an area of open water used regularly by seaplanes or [[amphibious aircraft]] for landing and taking off), usually with passenger facilities on adjacent land, which acts as an airport.
* [["Borisoglebskiy" (KAPO aerodromı)|Казан-КАПО һава аланы]]
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* [[Qazan-"Yudino" (KVZ aerodromı)|Казан-КВЗ һава аланы]]
== Терминология ==
* [[Qazan-"Qurqaçı" (aerodrom)|Казан-Коркачык һава аланы]]
<!--The terms ''[[aerodrome]]'', ''airfield'', and ''airstrip'' may also be used to refer to airports, and the terms ''[[heliport]]'', ''seaplane base'', and ''[[STOLport]]'' refer to airports dedicated exclusively to helicopters, seaplanes, or [[STOL|short take-off and landing]] aircraft.
* [[Qazan-"Vişnevka" (aerodrom)|Казан-Вишнёвка һава аланы]]
* [[Begişevo (aeroport)|Бегишево Халыкара Аэропорты]]
* [[Bögelmä (aeroport)|"Бөгелмә" аэропорты]]
* [[Bolğar (aerodrom)|Болгар hава аланы]]
* [[Аэропорт (Һава Лиманы)]]
[[Төркем:Татарстан аэродромнары]]
In colloquial use, the terms ''airport'' and ''aerodrome'' are often interchanged. However, in general, the term ''airport'' may imply or confer a certain stature upon the aviation facility that an aerodrome may not have achieved. In some jurisdictions, ''airport'' is a legal [[Technical terminology|term of art]] reserved exclusively for those aerodromes certified or licensed as airports by the relevant [[national aviation authority]] after meeting specified certification criteria or regulatory requirements.<ref>{{CFS}}</ref>
[[Төркем:Казан транспорты]]
[[Төркем:Русия аэропортлары]]
That is to say, all airports are aerodromes, but not all aerodromes are airports. In jurisdictions where there is no legal distinction between ''aerodrome'' and ''airport'', which term to use in the name of an aerodrome may be a commercial decision.
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== Инфраструктура ==
<!--[[File:Incheon International Airport.jpg|left|thumb|The passenger terminal buildings at [[Incheon International Airport]], [[Incheon]], [[South Korea]]]]
Smaller or less-developed airports—which represent the vast majority—often have a single runway shorter than {{Convert|1000|m|abbr=on}}. Larger airports for [[airline]] flights generally have paved runways {{Convert|2000|m|abbr=on}} or longer. Many small airports have dirt, [[grass]], or [[gravel]] runways, rather than [[asphalt]] or [[concrete]].
In the [[United States]], the minimum dimensions for dry, hard landing fields are defined by the [[Federal Aviation Regulations|FAR Landing And Takeoff Field Lengths]]. These include considerations for safety margins during landing and takeoff. Heavier aircraft require longer runways.
The [[List of longest runways|longest public-use runway]] in the world is at [[Qamdo Bangda Airport]] in [[People's Republic of China|China]]. It has a length of {{convert|5500|m|0|abbr=on}}. The world's widest paved runway is at [[Ulyanovsk Vostochny Airport]] in [[Russia]] and is {{convert|105|m|0|abbr=on}} wide.
As of 2009, the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] stated that there were approximately 44,000 "... airports or airfields recognizable from the air" around the world, including 15,095 in the US, the US having the most in the world.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2053.html CIA World Factbook - airport listing]</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2053rank.html CIA World Factbook - Country Comparison to the World]</ref>
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=== Һава лиманы милекчелек һәм эшчәнлек мәсьәләләре ===
<!--[[File:BBI 2010-07-23 5.JPG|thumb|The [[Berlin Brandenburg Airport]] is publicly financed by the states of Berlin and Brandenburg and the Federal Republic of Germany.]]
Most of the world's airports are owned by local, regional, or national [[government]] bodies who then lease the airport to private [[corporation]]s who oversee the airport's operation. For example, [[BAA Limited]] (BAA) operates seven of the commercial airports in the [[United Kingdom]], as well as several other airports outside of the UK. [[Germany]]'s [[Frankfurt Airport]] is managed by the quasi-private firm [[Fraport]]. While in [[India]] [[GMR Group]] operates, through [[joint venture]]s, [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] and [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]]. [[Bengaluru International Airport]] and [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport]] are controlled by GVK Group. The rest of India's airports are managed by the [[Airports Authority of India]].
In the United States commercial airports are generally operated directly by government entities or government-created [[Airport authority|airport authorities]] (also known as [[Port authority|port authorities]]), such as the [[Los Angeles World Airports]] authority that oversees several airports in the [[Greater Los Angeles area]], including [[Los Angeles International Airport]].
In [[Canada]], the federal authority, Transport Canada, divested itself of all but the remotest airports in 1999/2000. Now most airports in Canada are owned and operated by individual legal authorities or are municipally owned.
Many US airports still lease part or all of their facilities to outside firms, who operate functions such as retail management and parking. In the US, all commercial airport runways are certified by the FAA under the [[Code of Federal Regulations]] Title 14 Part 139, "Certification of Commercial Service Airports"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_safety/part139_cert/ |title=Part 139 Airport Certification |publisher=[[FAA]] |date=2009-06-19 |accessdate=2010-07-20| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100729055419/http://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_safety/part139_cert/| archivedate= 29 July 2010 <!--DASHBot--><!--| deadurl= no}}</ref> but maintained by the local airport under the regulatory authority of the FAA.
Despite the reluctance to privatize airports in the US (despite the FAA sponsoring a privatization program since 1996), the government-owned, contractor-operated (GOCO) arrangement is the standard for the operation of commercial airports in the rest of the world.
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=== Һава лиманы структуралары ===
<!--[[File:Orlando International Airport hotel rooms.jpg|thumb|View of the East Atrium at [[Orlando International Airport]], with a [[Hyatt|Hyatt Regency]] hotel within the terminal structure]]
Airports are divided into landside and airside areas. Landside areas include [[parking lot]]s, [[public transport]]ation [[train station]]s and access [[road]]s. Airside areas include all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, [[taxiway]]s and [[Airport ramp|ramps]]. Access from landside areas to airside areas is tightly controlled at most airports. Passengers on commercial flights access airside areas through [[Airport terminal|terminals]], where they can purchase tickets, clear [[Airport security|security]] check, or [[Baggage claim|claim luggage]] and board aircraft through [[Gate (airport)|gates]]. The waiting areas which provide passenger access to aircraft are typically called concourses, although this term is often used interchangeably with terminal.
[[File:HFX Airport 4.jpg|left|thumb|The apron from the top floor observation room, Halifax International Airport, [[Canada]]]]
The area where aircraft park next to a terminal to load passengers and baggage is known as a ''ramp'' (or "the [[tarmac]]"). Parking areas for aircraft away from terminals are called aprons.
Airports can be towered or [[non-towered airport|non-towered]], depending on air traffic density and available funds. Due to their high capacity and busy [[airspace]], many [[international airport]]s have air traffic control located on site.
Airports with international flights have customs and [[immigration]] facilities. However, as some countries have agreements that allow travel between them without customs and immigrations, such facilities are not a definitive need for an international airport. International flights often require a higher level of physical security, although in recent years, many countries have adopted the same level of security for international and domestic travel.
Some airport structures include on-site [[hotel]]s built within or attached to a terminal building. Airport hotels have grown popular due to their convenience for transient passengers and easy accessibility to the airport terminal. Many airport hotels also have agreements with airlines to provide overnight [[lodging]] for displaced passengers.
"[[Floating airport]]s" are being designed which could be located out at sea and which would use designs such as [[pneumatic stabilized platform]] technology.
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===Продукт һәм сервислар===
<!--[[File:HFX Airport 5.jpg|left|thumb|Food court and shops, [[Halifax Stanfield International Airport]], [[Canada]]]]
[[File:Duty Free - Suvarnabhumi Airport.jpg|thumb|Duty free shop at [[Suvarnabhumi International Airport]] in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]]]
Most major airports provide commercial outlets for products and services. Most of these companies, many of which are internationally-known brands, are located within the departure areas. These include clothing boutiques and restaurants. Prices charged for items sold at these outlets are generally higher than those outside the airport. However, some airports now regulate costs to keep them comparable to "street prices". This term is misleading as prices often match the manufacturers' [[suggested retail price]] (MSRP) but are almost never discounted.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}
Apart from major fast food chains, some airport restaurants offer regional cuisine specialties for those in transit so that they may sample local food or culture without leaving the airport.<ref>USA Today newspaper, Oct. 17, 2006, p. 2D</ref>
Major airports in such countries as Russia and Japan offer miniature sleeping units within the airport that are available for rent by the hour. The smallest type is the [[capsule hotel]] popular in Japan. A slightly larger variety is known as a [[sleep box]]. An even larger type is provided by the company [[YOtel]].
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=== Премиум һәм VIP сервислары ===
<!--[[File:ZiaAirportVIP-01.jpg|thumb|left|[[Shahjalal International Airport]]'s [[Very Important Person|VIP]] [[Airport terminal|Terminal]], [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]] ]]
Airports may also contain premium and VIP services. The premium and VIP services may include express [[Airport check-in|check-in]], dedicated check-in counters, separate departures and/or arrivals lounge, priority [[Boarding (transport)|boarding]], separate [[Jet bridge|air bridges]], and priority baggage handling.
These services are usually reserved for [[First class (aviation)|First]] and [[Business class]] passengers, premium [[Frequent-flyer program|frequent flyers]], and members of the airline's clubs. Premium services may sometimes be open to passengers who are members of a different airline's frequent flyer program. This can sometimes be part of a reciprocal deal, as when multiple airlines are part of the same alliance, or as a ploy to attract premium customers away from rival airlines.
Sometimes these premium services will be offered to a non-premium passenger if the airline has made a mistake in handling of the passenger, such as unreasonable delays or mishandling of checked baggage.
Airline lounges frequently offer free or reduced cost food, as well as alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. Lounges themselves typically have seating, showers, quiet areas, televisions, computer, [[Wi-Fi]] and Internet access, and power outlets that passengers may use for their electronic equipment. Some airline lounges employ [[barista]]s, bartenders and gourmet chefs.
Airlines sometimes operate multiple lounges within the one airport terminal allowing ultra-premium customers, such as first class customers, additional services, which are not available to other premium customers. Multiple lounges may also prevent overcrowding of the lounge facilities.
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=== Йөк һәм фрахт хезмәтләре ===
<!--In addition to people, airports move cargo around the clock. [[Cargo airline]]s often have their own on-site and adjacent infrastructure to transfer parcels between ground and air.
'''Cargo Terminal Facilities'''
International airports need areas where export cargo has to be stored after customs clearance and prior to loading on the aircraft. Similarly import cargo that is offloaded needs to be in bond before the consignee decides to take delivery. Areas have to be kept aside for examination of export and import cargo by the airport authorities. Designated areas or sheds may be given to airlines or freight forward ring agencies.
Every cargo terminal has a landside and an airside. The landside is where the exporters and importers through either their agents or by themselves deliver or collect shipments while the airside is where loads are moved to or from the aircraft. In addition cargo terminals are divided into distinct areas - export, import and interline or transhipment
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=== Ярдәмче хезмәтләр ===
<!--Aircraft maintenance, pilot services, aircraft rental, and hangar rental are most often performed by a fixed base operator (FBO). At major airports, particularly those used as [[airline hub|hubs]], airlines may operate their own support facilities.
Some airports, typically military airbases, have long runways used as [[emergency landing]] sites. Many airbases have arresting equipment for fast aircraft, known as [[arresting gear]] – a strong cable suspended just above the runway and attached to a hydraulic [[Gear ratio|reduction gear]] mechanism. Together with the landing aircraft's [[tailhook|arresting hook]], it is used in situations where the aircraft's [[brake]]s would be insufficient by themselves.
In the United States, many larger civilian airports also host an [[Air National Guard]] base.
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=== Һава лиманнарга ирешү ===
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Many large airports are located near [[Rail transport|railway]] trunk routes for seamless connection of [[multimodal transport]], for instance Frankfurt Airport, [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]], [[London Heathrow Airport]], [[London Gatwick Airport]] and [[London Stansted Airport]]. It is also common to connect an airport and a city with [[rapid transit]], [[light rail]] lines or other non-road public transport systems, for instance the [[AirTrain JFK]] at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] in [[Transportation in New York City|New York]] and the [[Silver Line (MBTA)|Silver Line]] T at [[Boston]]'s [[Logan International Airport]] by the [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]] (MBTA). Such a connection lowers risk of missed flights due to [[traffic congestion]]. Large airports usually have access also through [[controlled-access highway]]s ('freeways' or 'motorways') from which motor vehicles enter either the departure loop or the arrival loop.
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=== Эчке транспорт ===
<!--
The distances passengers need to move within a large airport can be substantial. It is common for airports to provide [[moving walkway]]s and buses. The [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport]] has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim. Major airports with more than one terminal offer inter-terminal transportation, such as [[Mexico City International Airport]], where the domestic building of Terminal 1 is connected by [[Aerotrén]] to Terminal 2, on the other side of the airport.
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=== Тарих һәм үсеш ===
<!--The earliest aircraft takeoff and landing sites were grassy fields. The plane could approach at any angle that provided a favorable wind direction. A slight improvement was the dirt-only field, which eliminated the drag from grass. However, these only functioned well in dry conditions. Later, concrete surfaces would allow landings, rain or shine, day or night.
The title of "world's oldest airport" is disputed, but [[College Park Airport]] in [[Maryland]], US, established in 1909 by [[Wright brothers|Wilbur Wright]], is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pgparks.com/places/historic/cpairport.html |title=College Park Airport |publisher=Pgparks.com |date= |accessdate=2010-07-20| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100721234620/http://www.pgparks.com/places/historic/cpairport.html| archivedate= 21 July 2010 <!--DASHBot--><!--| deadurl= no}}</ref> although it serves only [[general aviation]] traffic. [[Bisbee-Douglas International Airport]] in [[Arizona]] was declared "the first international airport of the Americas" by US president [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] .
[[Bremen Airport]] opened in 1913 and remains in use, although it served as an American military field between 1945 and 1949. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol opened on September 16, 1916 as a military airfield, but only accepted [[Civil aviation|civil aircraft]] from December 17, 1920, allowing [[Sydney Airport]] in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]—which started operations in January 1920—to claim to be one of the world's oldest continually operating commercial airports.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sydneyairport.com.au/NR/rdonlyres/353DC91E-A259-449B-8B68-C8E88CB58691/0/FactSheetHistory1.pdf |title=Sydney Airport history |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-07-20}}</ref> [[Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport]] in [[Minneapolis-Saint Paul]], [[Minnesota]], opened in 1920 and has been in continuous commercial service since. It serves about 35,000,000 passengers each year and continues to expand, recently opening a new 11,000 foot (3,355 meter) runway. Of the airports constructed during this early period in aviation, it is one of the largest and busiest that is still currently operating. [[Rome Ciampino Airport]], opened 1916, is also a contender.
Increased aircraft traffic during [[World War I]] led to the construction of landing fields. Aircraft had to approach these from certain directions and this led to the development of aids for directing the approach and landing slope.
Following the war, some of these military airfields added civil facilities for handling passenger traffic. One of the earliest such fields was [[Paris – Le Bourget Airport]] at [[Le Bourget]], near [[Paris]]. The first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services was [[Hounslow Heath Aerodrome]] in August 1919, but it was closed and supplanted by [[Croydon Airport]] in March 1920.<ref>Bluffield (2009)</ref> In 1922, the first permanent airport and commercial terminal solely for commercial aviation was opened at [[Kaliningrad Devau Airport|Flughafen Devau]] near what was then [[Königsberg|Königsberg, East Prussia]]. The airports of this era used a paved "apron", which permitted night flying as well as landing heavier aircraft.
The first lighting used on an airport was during the latter part of the 1920s; in the 1930s [[Approach lighting system|approach lighting]] came into use. These indicated the proper direction and angle of descent. The colours and flash intervals of these lights became standardized under the [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO). In the 1940s, the slope-line approach system was introduced. This consisted of two rows of lights that formed a funnel indicating an aircraft's position on the [[Instrument landing system|glideslope]]. Additional lights indicated incorrect altitude and direction.
Following [[World War II]], airport design became more sophisticated. Passenger buildings were being grouped together in an island, with runways arranged in groups about the terminal. This arrangement permitted expansion of the facilities. But it also meant that passengers had to travel further to reach their plane.
An improvement in the landing field was the introduction of grooves in the concrete surface. These run perpendicular to the direction of the landing aircraft and serve to draw off excess water in rainy conditions that could build up in front of the plane's wheels.
Airport construction boomed during the 1960s with the increase in [[jet aircraft]] traffic. Runways were extended out to {{convert|3000|m|abbr=on}}. The fields were constructed out of [[reinforced concrete]] using a slip-form machine that produces a continual slab with no disruptions along the length. The early 1960s also saw the introduction of jet bridge systems to modern airport terminals, an innovation which eliminated outdoor passenger boarding. These systems became commonplace in the United States by the 1970s.
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== Һава лиманнарга исем бирү ==
<!--{{Further|List of airports}}
Airports are uniquely represented by their [[International Air Transport Association airport code|IATA airport code]] and [[International Civil Aviation Organization airport code|ICAO airport code]].
Most airport names include the location. Many airport names honour a [[public figure]], commonly a [[politician]] (e.g. [[Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport]]) or a prominent figure in aviation history of the region (e.g. [[Will Rogers World Airport]]).
Some airports have unofficial names, possibly so widely circulated that its official name is little used or even known.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}
Some airport names include the word "International" to indicate their ability to handle international air traffic; this includes some airports that do not have scheduled airline services (e.g. [[Texel International Airport]]).
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== Һава лиманы иминлеге ==
<!--[[File:Flughafenkontrolle.jpg|thumb|Йөкләр [[Рентген нурланышы|Рентген нурларын кулланучы машиналары]] ярдәмендә тикшеренә, пассажирлар [[металлар детекторы]] аркылы уза]]
{{Main|Airport security}}
Airport security normally requires baggage checks, metal screenings of individual persons, and rules against any object that could be used as a weapon. Since the [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001 attacks]], airport security has dramatically increased.
{{See also|Airport security repercussions due to the September 11 attacks}}
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== Һава лиманы эшчәнлеге ==
=== Очышларны идарә итү ===
<!--The majority of the world's airports are [[non-towered airport|non-towered]], with no [[air traffic control]] presence. However, at particularly busy airports, or airports with other special requirements, there is an air traffic control (ATC) system whereby [[Air traffic controller|controllers]] (usually ground-based) direct aircraft movements via [[radio]] or other communications links. This coordinated oversight facilitates safety and speed in complex operations where traffic moves in all three dimensions. Air traffic control responsibilities at airports are usually divided into at least two main areas: ''ground'' and ''tower'', though a single controller may work both stations. The busiest airports also have ''clearance delivery'', ''apron control'', and other specialized ATC stations.
'''Ground Control''' is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated "[[maneuvering area|movement areas]]", except the traffic on runways. This includes planes, baggage trains, [[snowplow]]s, grass cutters, fuel trucks, stair trucks, airline food trucks, conveyor belt vehicles and other vehicles. Ground Control will instruct these vehicles on which taxiways to use, which runway they will use (in the case of planes), where they will park, and when it is safe to cross runways. When a plane is ready to takeoff it will stop short of the runway, at which point it will be turned over to Tower Control. After a plane has landed, it will depart the runway and be returned to Ground Control.
[[Control tower|Tower]] Control controls aircraft on the runway and in the [[controlled airspace]] immediately surrounding the airport. Tower controllers may use [[radar]] to locate an aircraft's position in three-dimensional space, or they may rely on pilot position reports and visual observation. They coordinate the sequencing of aircraft in the traffic pattern and direct aircraft on how to safely join and leave the circuit. Aircraft which are only passing through the airspace must also contact Tower Control in order to be sure that they remain clear of other traffic.
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=== Очышлар схемасы ===
<!--{{Main|Airfield traffic pattern}}
[[File:Airport Traffic Pattern with Upwind Leg.svg|400px|right|Left-hand circuit pattern]]
All airports use a [[Airfield traffic pattern|traffic pattern]] (often called a ''traffic circuit'' outside the U.S.) to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft. Generally, this pattern is a circuit consisting of five "legs" that form a rectangle (two legs and the runway form one side, with the remaining legs forming three more sides). Each leg is named (see diagram), and ATC directs pilots on how to join and leave the circuit. Traffic patterns are flown at one specific altitude, usually {{convert|800|or|1000|ft|abbr=on|0}} [[above ground level]] (AGL). Standard traffic patterns are ''left-handed'', meaning all turns are made to the left. Right-handed patterns do exist, usually because of obstacles such as a [[mountain]], or to reduce noise for local residents. The predetermined circuit helps traffic flow smoothly because all pilots know what to expect, and helps reduce the chance of a [[mid-air collision]].
At extremely large airports, a circuit is in place but not usually used. Rather, aircraft (usually only commercial with long routes) request approach clearance while they are still hours away from the airport, often before they even takeoff from their departure point. Large airports have a frequency called ''Clearance Delivery'' which is used by departing aircraft specifically for this purpose. This then allows airplanes to take the most direct approach path to the runway and land without worrying about interference from other aircraft. While this system keeps the airspace free and is simpler for pilots, it requires detailed knowledge of how aircraft are planning to use the airport ahead of time and is therefore only possible with large commercial airliners on pre-scheduled flights. The system has recently become so advanced that controllers can predict whether an aircraft will be delayed on landing before it even takes off; that aircraft can then be delayed on the ground, rather than wasting expensive fuel waiting in the air.
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=== Навигация чаралары ===
<!--[[File:Vasi-1.JPG|left|thumb|Standard [[Visual Approach Slope Indicator]]]]
There are a number of aids available to pilots, though not all airports are equipped with them. A [[Visual Approach Slope Indicator]] (VASI) helps pilots fly the approach for landing. Some airports are equipped with a [[VHF omnidirectional range]] (VOR) to help pilots find the direction to the airport. VORs are often accompanied by a [[distance measuring equipment]] (DME) to determine the distance to the VOR. VORs are also located off airports, where they serve to provide airways for aircraft to navigate upon. In poor weather, pilots will use an instrument landing system (ILS) to find the runway and fly the correct approach, even if they cannot see the ground. The number of instrument approaches based on the use of the [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) is rapidly increasing and may eventually be the primary means for instrument landings.
Larger airports sometimes offer [[precision approach radar]] (PAR), but these systems are more common at military air bases than civilian airports. The aircraft's horizontal and vertical movement is tracked via radar, and the controller tells the pilot his position relative to the [[Final approach (aviation)|approach slope]]. Once the pilots can see the runway lights, they may continue with a visual landing.
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=== Һава лиманы ягы билгеләре ===
<!--{{Further|Taxiway#Taxiway signs}}
Airport guidance signs provide direction and information to taxiing aircraft and airport vehicles. Smaller aerodromes may have few or no signs, relying instead on diagrams and charts.
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=== Һава лиманы утлары ===
<!--{{Further|Taxiway#Taxiway lights|Runway#Runway lighting}}
Many airports have [[Runway lighting|lighting]] that help guide planes using the runways and taxiways at night or in rain or [[fog]].
On runways, green lights indicate the beginning of the runway for landing, while red lights indicate the end of the runway. [[Runway edge lights|Runway edge lighting]] consists of white lights spaced out on both sides of the runway, indicating the edge. Some airports have more complicated lighting on the runways including lights that run down the centerline of the runway and lights that help indicate the approach (an [[approach lighting system]], or ALS). Low-traffic airports may use [[pilot controlled lighting]] to save electricity and staffing costs.
Along taxiways, blue lights indicate the taxiway's edge, and some airports have embedded green lights that indicate the centerline.
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=== Һава торышы күзәтүләре ===
<!--{{See also|Surface weather observation|Weather station|Automated airport weather station|Automatic weather station}}
Weather observations at the airport are crucial to safe takeoffs and landings. In the US and Canada, the vast majority of airports, large and small, will either have some form of [[automated airport weather station]], whether an AWOS, ASOS, or AWSS, a human observer or a combination of the two. These weather observations, predominantly in the [[METAR]] format, are available over the radio, through [[Automatic Terminal Information Service]] (ATIS), via the ATC or the [[Flight service station|Flight Service Station]].
Planes take-off and land ''into'' the wind in order to achieve maximum performance. Because pilots need instantaneous information during landing, a [[windsock]] is also kept in view of the runway.
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=== Тотрыклык саклау чаралары ===
[[File:Altenburg-Nobitz Airport Rosenbauer Panther.jpg|thumb|"FLF Panther" һава лиманы янгын сүндерүчеләре машинасы, [[Алмания]]]]
<!--[[Air safety]] is an important concern in the operation of an airport, and almost every airfield includes equipment and procedures for handling emergency situations. [[Airport crash tender]] crews are equipped for dealing with airfield [[accident]]s, crew and passenger extractions, and the hazards of highly flammable [[aviation fuel]]. The crews are also trained to deal with situations such as [[bomb threat]]s, [[Aircraft hijacking|hijacking]], and [[terrorism|terrorist]] activities.
Hazards to aircraft include debris, nesting [[bird]]s, and reduced friction levels due to environmental conditions such as [[ice]], [[snow]], or [[rain]]. Part of runway maintenance is [[airfield rubber removal]] which helps maintain friction levels. The fields must be kept clear of debris using cleaning equipment so that loose material does not become a projectile and enter an engine duct (see [[foreign object damage]]). In adverse weather conditions, ice and snow clearing equipment can be used to improve traction on the landing strip. For waiting aircraft, equipment is used to spray special [[deicing]] fluids on the wings.
Many airports are built near open fields or [[wetland]]s. These tend to attract bird populations, which can pose a hazard to aircraft in the form of [[bird strike]]s. Airport crews often need to discourage birds from taking up residence.
Some airports are located next to parks, golf courses, or other low-density uses of land. Other airports are located near densely-populated urban or suburban areas.
An airport can have areas where collisions between airplanes on the ground tend to occur. Records are kept of any [[runway incursion|incursions]] where airplanes or vehicles are in an inappropriate location, allowing these "hot spots" to be identified. These locations then undergo special attention by transportation authorities (such as the FAA in the US) and airport administrators.
During the 1980s, a phenomenon known as [[microburst]] became a growing concern due to [[Aviation accidents and incidents|aircraft accident]]s caused by microburst [[wind shear]], such as [[Delta Air Lines Flight 191]]. [[Microburst radar]] was developed as an aid to safety during landing, giving two to five minutes warning to aircraft in the vicinity of the field of a microburst event.
Some airfields now have a special surface known as soft concrete at the end of the runway ([[Blast pad|stopway]] or blastpad) that behaves somewhat like [[styrofoam]], bringing the plane to a relatively rapid halt as the material disintegrates. These surfaces are useful when the runway is located next to a body of water or other hazard, and prevent the planes from overrunning the end of the field.
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== Һава лиманы җир хезмәте ==
[[File:KLM 777 pushback.jpg|thumb|[[Боинг 777]] очкычын тартучы трактор]]
<!--{{Main|Ground support equipment}}
Most airports have [[groundcrew]] handling the loading and unloading of passengers, crew, baggage and other services.{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}} Some groundcrew are linked to specific airlines operating at the airport.
Many groundcrew at the airport work at the airplanes. A tow tractor pulls the aircraft to one of the airbridges. The ground power unit is plugged in. It keeps the electricity running in the plane when it stands at the terminal. The engines are not working, therefore they do not generate the electricity, as they do flight. The passengers disembark using the airbridge. Mobile stairs can give the ground crew more access to the aircraft's cabin. There is a cleaning service to clean the aircraft after the aircraft lands. Flight catering provides the food and drinks that we enjoy on flights. A toilet waste truck removes the human waste from the tank which holds the waste from the toilets in the aircraft. A water truck fills the water tanks of the aircraft. A fuel transfer vehicle transfers aviation fuel from fuel tanks underground, to the aircraft tanks. A tractor and its dollies bring in luggage from the terminal to the aircraft. They also carry luggage to the terminal if the aircraft has landed, and is being unloaded. Hi-loaders lift the heavy luggage containers to the gate of the cargo hold. The ground crew push the luggage containers into the hold. If it has landed, they rise, the ground crew push the luggage container on the hi-loader, which carries it down. The luggage container is then pushed on one of the tractors dollies. The conveyor, which is a conveyor belt on a truck, brings in the awkwardly shaped, or late luggage. The airbridge is used again by the new passengers to embark the aircraft. The tow tractor pushes the aircraft away from the terminal to a taxi area. The aircraft should be off of the airport and in the air in 90 minutes. The airport charges the airline for the time the aircraft spends at the airport.
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== Әйләнә-тирә мохит мәсьәләләре ==
<!--[[Aircraft noise]] is major cause of [[Noise pollution|noise disturbance]] to residents living near airports. Sleep can be affected if the airports operate night and early morning flights. Aircraft noise not only occurs from take-off and landings, but also ground operations including maintenance and testing of aircraft. Noise can have other [[Health effects from noise|noise health effects]]. Other noise and environmental concerns are vehicle traffic causing noise and pollution on roads leading the airport.{{fact|date=June 2012}}
The construction of new airports or addition of runways to existing airports, is often resisted by local residents because of the effect on countryside, historical sites, local [[flora]] and [[fauna]]. Due to the risk of collision between birds and airplanes, large airports undertake population control programs where they frighten or shoot birds.{{fact|date=June 2012}}
The construction of airports has been known to change local [[weather]] patterns. For example, because they often flatten out large areas, they can be susceptible to fog in areas where fog rarely forms. In addition, they generally replace [[tree]]s and grass with pavement, they often change [[drainage]] patterns in [[Agriculture|agricultural]] areas, leading to more [[flood]]ing, run-off and [[erosion]] in the surrounding land.{{fact|date=June 2012}}
Some of the airport administrations prepare and publish annual [[Environmentalism|environmental]] reports in order to show how they consider these environmental concerns in airport management issues and how they protect environment from airport operations. These reports contain all [[environmental protection]] measures performed by airport administration in terms of water, air, soil and noise pollution, resource conservation and protection of natural life around the airport.
-->
== Хәрби һава базасы ==
<!--[[File:French Air Contingent, NATO Baltic Air-policing.jpg|thumb|[[Fighter aircraft]] at an airbase in [[Lithuania]]]]
{{Main|Military airbase}}
An airbase, sometimes referred to as an ''air station'' or ''airfield'', provides basing and support of [[military aircraft]]. Some airbases, known as ''military airports'', provide facilities similar to their civilian counterparts. For example, [[RAF Brize Norton]] in the UK has a terminal which caters to passengers for the [[Royal Air Force]]'s scheduled [[Lockheed TriStar (RAF)|TriStar]] flights to the [[Falkland Islands]]. Some airbases are co-located with civilian airports, sharing the same ATC facilities, runways, taxiways and emergency services, but with separate terminals, parking areas and hangars. [[Bardufoss Airport]] and [[Bardufoss Air Station]] in [[Norway]] are an example of this.
An [[aircraft carrier]] is a [[warship]] that functions as a mobile airbase. Aircraft carriers allow a [[Navy|naval force]] to project [[Aerial warfare|air power]] without having to depend on local bases for land-based aircraft. After their development in World War I, aircraft carriers replaced the [[battleship]] as the centrepiece of a modern [[Naval fleet|fleet]] during World War II.
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== Һава лиманнарның киноларда тасвирануы ==
<!--[[File:Washington Dulles International Airport at Dusk.jpg|thumb|[[Washington Dulles International Airport]], ostensibly the setting for ''[[Die Hard 2]]''; the movie was actually filmed at [[Los Angeles International Airport]]]]
Airports have played major roles in [[film]]s and [[television program]]s due to its very nature as a transport and international hub, and sometimes because of distinctive architectural features of particular airports. One such example of this is ''[[The Terminal]]'', a film about a man who becomes permanently grounded in an airport terminal and must survive only on the food and shelter provided by the airport. They are also one of the major elements in movies such as ''[[The V.I.P.s]]'', ''[[Airplane!]]'', ''[[Airport (1970 film)|Airport]]'', ''[[Die Hard 2]]'', ''[[Soul Plane]]'', ''[[Jackie Brown (film)|Jackie Brown]]'', ''[[Get Shorty (film)|Get Shorty]]'', ''[[Home Alone]]'', ''[[Liar Liar]]'', ''[[Passenger 57]]'', ''[[Final Destination]]'', ''[[Unaccompanied Minors]]'', ''[[Catch Me If You Can]]'', ''[[Rendition (film)|Rendition]]'' and ''[[The Langoliers (TV miniseries)|The Langoliers]]''. They have also played important parts in television series like ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'', ''[[The Amazing Race]]'', ''[[America's Next Top Model, Cycle 10]]'' which have significant parts of their story set within airports. In other programmes and films, airports are merely indicative of journeys, e.g. ''[[Good Will Hunting]]''.
Several computer simulation games put the player in charge of an airport. These include the [[Airport Tycoon]] series.
== Airstrip ==
[[File:Private airstrip at Knettishall - geograph.org.uk - 243343.jpg|thumb|A private airstrip at what used to be [[RAF Knettishall]]]]
An '''airstrip''' or '''airfield''' is a kind of airport that consists only of a runway with perhaps fueling equipment. They are generally in remote locations. Many airstrips (now mostly abandoned) were built on the hundreds of islands in the [[Pacific Ocean]] during World War II. Sometimes a few airstrips become full fledged airbases as strategic or economic importance of a region increases over time.
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== Һава лиманнар исемлекләре ==
<!--{{See also|National aviation authority|List of civil aviation authorities|Aeronautical Information Service}}
Each national aviation authority has a source of information about airports in their country. This will contain information on airport elevation, airport lighting, runway information, communications facilities and frequencies, hours of operation, nearby [[Navigational aid|NAVAIDs]] and contact information where prior arrangement for landing is necessary.
* [[Australia]]
:Information can be found on-line in the ''En route Supplement Australia'' (ERSA)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airservices.gov.au/publications/aip.asp?pg=10 |title=En route Supplement Australia (ERSA) |publisher=Airservices.gov.au |date=2010-07-16 |accessdate=2010-07-20}}</ref> which is published by [[Airservices Australia]], a government owned corporation charged with managing Australian ATC.
* [[Canada]]
:Two publications, the ''[[Canada Flight Supplement]]'' (CFS) and the ''Water Aerodrome Supplement'', published by [[Nav Canada|NAV CANADA]] under the authority of [[Transport Canada]] provides equivalent information.
* [[Europe]]
:The [[European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation]] (EUROCONTROL) provides an [[Aeronautical Information Publication]] (AIP), [[aeronautical chart]]s and [[NOTAM]] services for multiple European countries.
* [[Germany]]
:Provided by the [[Luftfahrt-Bundesamt]] (Federal Office for Civil Aviation of Germany).
* [[France]]
:''Aviation Generale Delage'' edited by Delville and published by Breitling.
* The [[United Kingdom]] and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
:The information is found in Pooley's Flight Guide, a publication compiled with the assistance of the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA). Pooley's also contains information on some continental European airports that are close to Great Britain. [[National Air Traffic Services]], the UK's [[Air Navigation Service Provider]], a [[public–private partnership]] also publishes an online AIP for the UK.
* The [[United States]]
:The U.S. uses the ''[[Airport/Facility Directory]]'' (A/FD), published in seven volumes. [[DAFIF]] also includes extensive airport data.
* [[Japan]]
:''Aeronautical Information Publication'' (AIP)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aisjapan.mlit.go.jp/Login.do|title= ''Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP), NOTAMs in Japan |publisher=Japan Civil Aviation Bureau |accessdate=2011-02-14}}</ref> is provided by Japan Aeronautical Information Service Center, under the authority of [[Japan Civil Aviation Bureau]], [[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (Japan)|Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of Japan]].
* A comprehensive, consumer/business directory of commercial airports in the world (primarily for airports as businesses, rather than for pilots) is organized by the trade group [[Airports Council International]].
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== Шулай ук карагыз ==
* [[Дөньяның иң күп кулланылган пассажир һава лиманнары исемлеге]]
* [[Аурупадагы 100 иң күп кулланылган һава лиманнары исемлеге]]
<!--{{Portal|Aviation}}
* [[Domestic airport]]
* [[Environmental impact of aviation]]
* [[Model airport]]
* [[NIMBY]]
* [[Regional airport]]
* [[World's busiest airport]]
'''Lists:'''
* [[List of cities with more than one airport]]
* [[List of countries without an airport]]
* [[List of aviation topics]]
* [[List of hub airports]]
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==Искәрмәләр==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Әдәбият==
<!--*Bluffield, Robert. 2009. Imperial Airways - The Birth of the British Airline Industry 1914-1940. Ian Allan ISBN 978-1-906537-07-4
*Salter, Mark. 2008. ''Politics at the Airport''. University of Minnesota Press. This book brings together leading scholars to examine how airports both shape and are shaped by current political, social, and economic conditions.
-->
==Сылтамалар==
<!--{{Wiktionary}}
{{Commons|Airport}}
{{External links|date=September 2010}}
* [http://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Category:Ground_Operations Airport Safety Challenges related to Ground Operations]
* [http://www.airports.org Airports Council International] (ACI)—industry group representing over 1,600 major airports.
* [http://www.airportrailwaysoftheworld.com Airport Railways of the World] Interactive resource of over 300 airports with rail links (available in 5 European languages).
* [http://www.notams.com/ Global Airport Directory]
* [http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Government_Role/landing_nav/POL14.htm History of aircraft landing aids]
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=p-IDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA210&dq=popular+mechanics+1930+aircraft&hl=en&ei=KaMmTZ-LCentnQeE6ZzjAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=popular%20mechanics%201930%20aircraft&f=true "Conquest of Fog"] ''Popular Mechanics'', February 1930, illustration and article on a modern airport in the 1930s
* [http://flightfield.com/index.php/aeronautical-data/airports Airports]
* [http://www.transtats.bts.gov/Distance.asp?pn=0 Airport Distance Calculator] – Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA) in U.S. Department of Transportation
* [http://www.airportsearch.org/ Airport Search] A comprehensive list of world's airports
Lopez, Donald S. "The inside Story Airports." Flight. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life, 1995. 36-37. Print.
{{Commercial air travel}}
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[[Төркем:Һава лиманнары| ]]
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