Ятим: юрамалар арасында аерма

 

==Билгеләмәләр==

 

In the common use, an orphan does not have any surviving parent to care for him or her. However, the [[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF), [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS]] (UNAIDS), and other groups label any child that has lost one parent as an orphan. In this approach, a ''maternal orphan'' is a child whose mother has died, a ''paternal orphan'' is a child whose father has died, and a ''double orphan'' has lost both parents.<ref>[http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2008/jc1510_2008_global_report_pp11_28_en.pdf UNAIDS Global Report 2008]</ref> This contrasts with the older use of ''half-orphan'' to describe children that had lost only one parent.<ref>See, for example, [http://www.olivetreegenealogy.com/orphans/society-half-orphan-asylum.shtml this 19th-century news story] about The Society for the Relief of Half-Orphan and Destitute Children, or [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B00E1D9163AE033A25755C1A9649D94669FD7CF this one] about the Protestant Half-Orphan Asylum.</ref>

== Ятимнәр саннары ==

<!--[[Image:Girl in a Kabul orphanage, 01-07-2002.jpg|thumb|upright|140px|An Afghan girl in a [[Kabul]] orphanage.]]

 

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Orphaned characters are extremely common as literary protagonists, especially in [[children's literature|children's]] and [[fantasy literature]].<ref>Philip Martin, ''The Writer's Guide to Fantasy Literature: From Dragon's Lair to Hero's Quest'', p 16, ISBN 0-87116-195-8</ref> The lack of parents leaves the characters to pursue more interesting and adventurous lives, by freeing them from familial obligations and controls, and depriving them of more prosaic lives. It creates characters that are self-contained and introspective and who strive for affection. Orphans can metaphorically search for self-understanding through attempting to know their roots. Parents can also be allies and sources of aid for children, and removing the parents makes the character's difficulties more severe. Parents, furthermore, can be irrelevant to the theme a writer is trying to develop, and orphaning the character frees the writer from the necessity to depict such an irrelevant relationship; if one parent-child relationship is important, removing the other parent prevents complicating the necessary relationship. All these characteristics make orphans attractive characters for authors.

 

 

A number of well-known authors have written books featuring orphans. Examples from classic literature include [[Charlotte Brontë]], [[Charles Dickens]], [[Mark Twain]]'s ''[[Tom Sawyer]]'', [[L. M. Montgomery]]'s ''[[Anne of Green Gables]]'' books, Thomas Hardy's [[Jude the Obscure]], and [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]. Among more recent authors, [[A. J. Cronin]], [[Lemony Snicket]], [[Angelo F. Coniglio|A. F. Coniglio]], [[Roald Dahl]], [[J. K. Rowling]]'s [[Harry Potter]] series, as well as some less well-known authors of famous orphans like [[Little Orphan Annie]] have used orphans as major characters. One recurring storyline has been the relationship that the orphan can have with an adult from outside his or her immediate family as seen in Lyle Kessler's play ''[[Orphans (Lyle Kessler play)|Orphans]]''.

* Terpstra, Nicholas. ''Abandoned Children of the Italian Renaissance: Orphan Care in Florence and Bologna'' (2005)

 

* Berebitsky, Julie. ''Like Our Very Own: Adoption and the Changing Culture of Motherhood, 1851-1950'' (2000)

* Carp, E. Wayne, ed. ''Adoption in America: Historical Perspectives'' (2003)

* Kleinberg, S. J. ''Widows And Orphans First: The Family Economy And Social Welfare Policy, 1880-1939'' (2006)

* Miller, Julie. ''Abandoned: Foundlings in Nineteenth-Century New York City'' (2007)

 

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